Acknowledgements

Introduction

Negative Ion Source

Operating Conditions & Procedures

Cathode Preparation

Gas Cathodes

Ionization Efficiency

Source Maintenance & Cleaning

Toxicity of Cathode Materials

Ionization Potentials & Electron Affinities

A Negative-Ion Cookbook

Roy Middleton

Department Of Physics, University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, PA 19104

October 1989 (Revised February 1990)

1H Hydrogen								2He Helium
3Li Lithium	4Be Beryllium	5B Boron		6C Carbon	7N Nitrogen	8O Oxygen	9F Fluorine	10Ne Neon
11Na Sodium	12Mg Magnesium	13Al Aluminum		14Si Silicon	15P Phosphorus	16S Sulfur	17Cl Chlorine	18Ar Argon
19K Potassium	20Ca Calcium		31Ga Gallium	32Ge Germanium	33As Arsenic	34Se Selenium	35Br Bromine	36Kr Krypton
37Rb Rubidium	38Sr Strontium		49In Indium	50Sn Tin	51Sb Antimony	52Te Tellurium	53I Iodine	54Xe Xenon
55Cs Cesium	56Ba Barium		81Tl Thallium	82Pb Lead	83Bi Bismuth	84Po Polonium	85At Astatine	86Rn Radon

Transition Elements
21Sc Scandium	22Ti Titanium		23V Vanadium	24Cr Chromium	25Mn Manganese	26Fe Iron	27Co Cobalt	28Ni Nickel	29Cu Copper	30Zn Zinc
39Y Yttrium	40Zr Zirconium		41Nb Niobium	42Mo Molybdenum	43Tc Technetium	44Ru Ruthenium	45Rh Rhodium	46Pd Palladium	47Ag Silver	48Cd Cadmium
57La Lanthanum		72Hf Hafnium	73Ta Tantalum	74W Tungsten	75Re Rhenium	76Os Osmium	77Ir Iridium	78Pt Platinum	79Au Gold	80Hg Mercury

Lanthanides
58Ce Cerium	59Pr Praseodymium	60Nd Neodymium	61Pm Promethium	62Sm Samarium	63Eu Europium	64Gd Gadolinium
65Tb Terbium	66Dy Dysprosium	67Ho Holmium	68Er Erbium	69Tm Thulium	70Yb Ytterbium	71Lu Lutetium

Actinides
90Th Thorium	91Pa Protactinium	92U Uranium

Michael Wiplich at the Tandem Van de Graaff Accelerator located at the Brookhaven National Laboratory prepared the electronic version of the Negative-Ion Cookbook. The original paper version was converted to electronic form using an H.P. Scanjet 6200C scanner and H.P. Precision-Scan Pro OCR software followed by manual fix up in MS Word 2000 Pro which was also used to convert the document to HTML.

Please address any comments, suggestions or corrections to ccarlson@bnl.gov.

The Home Page of the Brookhaven National Laboratory Tandem Van de Graaff Accelerator Is Located At http://tvdg10.phy.bnl.gov/.